WEBVTT FILE

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Learn Liberty
IHS instituti loyihasi

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Xalq-atvor iqtisodiyoti:
Jamiyat tanlovi

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- Iqtisodiyot bizga cheksiz istaklar
cheklangan qobiliyat bilan

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to'qnashganda odamlar qanday
yo'l tutishini tushuntiradi.

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Ushbu tushunchalar benzin
narxi oshganda

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avtomashina xaridorlari
xulq-atvorini,

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davlat ta'lim subsidiyalari berganda



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talabalar xulq-atvorini va davlat
chekishni nazorat qilganda

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sigaret ishlab chiqaruvchilar
xulq-atvorini qanday o'zgartirishini

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oldindan bilishga yordam beradi.

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- Jamiyat tanlovi –
bu inson xulq-atvori to'g'risida

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bilgan ilmimizni
davlat sektoridagi odamlarga,

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ya'ni, siyosatchilar, byurokratlar,

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lobbistlar va saylovchilarga

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tadbiq etadi.

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Biroq davlat sektorida
ishlaydigan odamlar

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xususiy sektor odamlaridan
farq qilmagani tufayli,

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biz ushbu insonlarning xulq-atvorini
iqtisodiy prinsiplardan foydalanib,

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oldindan aytib berishimiz mumkin.

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- Masalan, ovoz berish kabinasiga
kirish uchun manfaati kam,

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ammo ovoz berish xarajati

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katta bo'lgan odamlarda

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saylovda qatnashish rag'bati

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kamroq bo'ladi.

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Bu esa odamlarni jamiyatga
zararli bo'lgan siyosatlar uchun

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ovoz berishiga olib kelishi mumkin.

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- Faraz qilaylik, 100 ta odamdan taklif
qilingan qonun bo'yicha ovoz berish so'raladi.

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Qonunga binoan davlat
ushbu odamlarning 90 tasini

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10 dollardan soliqqa tortadi,

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yig'ilgan pulning yarmini yoqib tashlab,

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qolgan qismini qolgan
10 ta odamga beradi.

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Agar odamlar ushbu qonun
bo'yicha ovoz berishsa,

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natija nima bo'ladi?

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Soliqqa tortiladigan 90 ta odam
ushbu qonunni yoqtirmaydi

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va unga qarshi ovoz beradi.

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Ammo qolgan 10 tasi
45 dollardan manfaat ko'radi –

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ularga qonun yoqadi va
ular unga ovoz beradi.

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Taklif 90 ga 10 ta ovoz bilan
mag'lub bo'ladi.

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- Endi, tasavur kiling,
ovoz berishning xarajati bor,

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chunki taklif qilinayotgan
qonunlar to'g'risida

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xabardor turishning xarajati bor.

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Qonunlarni o'qib chiqish xarajatlidir.

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Qonunlarning sizga ta'sirini
tushunish xarajatli

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va o'rningizdan turish,
saylov uchastkasiga borish,

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ovoz berish, uyga qaytish xarajatli.

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Faraz qilaylik, ovoz berish xarajati
har bir odamga

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15 dollardan tushadi.

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Qanday ovoz berishning ahamiyati yo'q –
tarafdormi yoki yo'qmi,

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ammo ovoz berish uchun
15 dollar haq to'lash kerak.

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Kim ovoz beradi?

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10 ta odam albatta ovoz beradi –

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agar qonun qabul qilinsa,
har biri 45 dollardan yutadi,

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bu esa ovoz berishning 15 dollarlik
xarajatini ortig'i bilan qoplaydi.

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Qolgan 90 tasichi?

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Ular ovoz bermaydi –
qonun ularga zarar keltiradi,

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lekin yomon qonun bilan
yashash xarajati

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qonunga qarshi ovoz berish
xarajatidan kichik.

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Demak, 90 ta odam uyida qoladi.

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Qonun 10 ga 0 ta ovoz bilan
tasdiqlanadi

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va jamiyat ahvoli yomonlashadi.

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- Bu to'plangan manfaatlar
va tarqalgan xarajatlar

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printsipi deb ataladi.

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Qonun jamiyatga zararlidir,

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bir guruh odam 900 dollarlik
soliq to'laydi.

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Qonunning jamiyatga manfaati ham bor:

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qolgan bir guruh odam
450 dollarlik manfaat ko'radi.

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Jamiyatning xarajati uning
manfaatidan katta bo'lib,

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qonun qabul qilinmaganda,
jamiyat ahvoli yaxshiroq bo'ladi.

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Lekin qonun qabul qilinadi. Nima uchun?

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450 dollarlik manfaat kichik guruh
odamlar o'rtasida taqsimlangani tufayli,

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shu guruhning har bir a'zosida

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qonunga ovoz berish rag'bat katta.

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Biroq 900 dollarlik xarajat
ko'pchilik o'rtasida taqsimlangan,

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shuning uchun ko'pchilikning har birida

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qonunga qarshi ovoz berishga
rag'bat kamroq.

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Agar qonunga qarshi
ovoz berishga rag'bat

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ushbu qonunga qarshi ovoz berish
xarajatidan kam bo'lsa,

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qonunga qarshi bo'lganlar
ovoz berib ovora ham bo'lmaydi.

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- To'plangan manfaatlar va
tarqalgan xarajatlar printsipi

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jamiyatga aslida zararli bo'lgan
qonunlar uchun ovoz berishga

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kuchli rag'bat yaratadi.

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Bu bizga jamiyat tanlovi
iqtisodiyotining davlat sektoridagi

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odamlar xulq-atvorini
yaxshiroq tushunishga

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yordam beradigan bir misol, xolos.

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Iqtisodiyot xususiy sektorda
iste'molchi va

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ishlab chiqaruvchilarning
xulq-atvorini tushuntirib,

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oldindan aytib berishga
yordam berganidek,

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u davlat sektoridagi saylovchilar,
siyosatchilar va byurokratlar

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xulq-atvorini tushuntirib,
oldindan aytib berishga yordam beradi.

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- Odamlar xulq-atvorini
yaxshiroq tushunsak,

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biz iqtisodiyot deb ataydigan

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munosabatlar orqali

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davlatning jamiyatdagi

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muvofiq rolini
yaxshiroq qadrlay olamiz.

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[musiqa sadosi]