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Nega boy mamlakatlar boy?

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Bugun biz nima sababdan
ko'pchilik bu savolga

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noto'g'ri javob berishi
to'g'risida suhbatlashamiz.

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[musiqa sadosi]

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Ko'pchilik neft, foydali minerallar
va qishloq xo'jaligi yerlari kabi

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tabiiy resurslari mavjud mamlakatlar
boy bo'ladi deb javob beradi.

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Agar bu to'g'ri bo'lganda edi,
Yaponiya juda kambag'al,

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Afrikadagi ko'p mamlakatlar
esa nihoyatda boy bo'lgan bo'lar edi.

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Agar resurslar bo'lmasa, unda
mamlakatni nima boy qiladi?

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Sizga ikkita hikoya aytib bermoqchiman.

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Bu Frantsiya janubidagi
ko'prik va akveduk.

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U 2000 yil avval Rimliklar
tomonidan barpo etilgan.

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Uni qurish uchun ular
eng oddiy texnikadan,

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ko'p tosh va qorishmadan,
oddiy richag va shkivdan hamda

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ko'p sonli ishchilardan foydalanganlar.

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2000 yildan keyin ham
u hali turibdi.

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Bu Takoma ko'prigi.

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U 1940 yilda Vashington shtatida
eng zamonaviy asbob

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va texnikalardan
foydalanib qurilgan.

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Bu ko'prik uchun yuqori navli po'lat,
temir-beton va kranlardan

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foydalanilganiga qaramay,
u bir yildan keyin qulab tushgan.

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Ko'rinib turibdiki, bu ikki ko'prikning

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muvaffaqiyati yoki muvaffaqiyatsizligi
resurslarga bog'liq emas.

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Unda nimaga bog'liq? Rag'batlarga.

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Rimliklar ko'priklardan foydalanishdan
oldin doimo ularni sinab ko'rganlar.

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Ular og'ir toshlar bilan
to'la katta ho'kiz aravani

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ko'prikdan o'tkazgan.

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Agar ko'prik og'ir yuk
ostida qulab tushmasa,

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unda ko'prik foydalanish uchun
xavfsiz hisoblangan.

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Eng qizig'i,

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Rimliklar ko'prik loyihasini
tuzgan odamni o'sha birinchi

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aravaga o'tirg'izishgan.

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Shuning uchun unda ko'prikni

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iloji boricha mustahkam qurish
uchun shaxsiy rag'bat bo'lgan.

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Shu sababli ham ba'zi Rim ko'priklari

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2000 yildan keyin ham turibdi,

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ayni damda ba'zi zamonaviy
ko'priklar qulab tushyapti.

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Ikkinchi hikoyamiz Shimoliy
va Janubiy Koreyaga bolinib ketgan

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Koreya yarimoroli tegishli.

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Mana tunda sun'iy
yo'ldoshdan olingan surat.

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Suratda Janubiy Koreya qo'shni Xitoy
kabi yoritilgan, chunki

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uning iqtisodiyoti ravnaq topib,
yaxshi rivojlangan.

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Suratda aholi soni deyarli bir xil,
lekin iqtisodiyoti juda og'ir ahvolda bo'lib,

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rivojlanmay qolgan Shimoliy Koreyani
ham ko'rishingiz mumkin.

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Bu farqning sabablari nimada?

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Axir, bu ikkala
mamlakatning geografiyasi,

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iqlimi va mavjud resurslari o'xshash.
Demak, sabab bularda emas.

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1945 yilgacha Shimoliy va Janubiy Koreya
bitta mamlakat bo'lgan.

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Ularning tarixi, tili,
dini va madaniyati bir xil.

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Demak, sabab bularda ham emas.

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Farq shundaki, Janubiy Koreyada
bozor iqtisodiyoti amal qiladi,

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1970 yillardan beri u
demokratik mamlakat hamdir.

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Shimoliy Koreya esa aksincha,

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dunyodagi oxirgi kommunistik
diktaturalardan biridir.

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Yana bir bor, farq ragb'atlarga bog'liq.

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Bozor iqtisodiyoti yangilik kiritish va
investitsiya uchun rag'batlarni yaratsa,

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kommunistik diktaturada
ular mavjud emas.

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Aynan rag'batlar nima uchun tabiiy
resurslari kam Yaponiya boy mamlakat-u,

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resurslarga boy Afrikadagi ko'p mamlakatlar
juda qashshoq  ekanligini izohlaydi.

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Yaponiya demokratik mamlakat,
unda qonun ustuvorligi ta'minlangan,

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mulk huquqi himoya ostida

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va bu institutlarning barchasi
iqtisodiy o'sish uchun rag'batlar yaratadi.

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Holbuki, turli tarixiy
sabablarga ko'ra,

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rivojlanayotgan mamlakatlarning
ko'pida bu kabi institutlar

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mavjud emas, demak, ularning
fuqarolarida investitsiya qilish va

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yangilik kiritish uchun rag'bat kam.

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Rag'batlarning ta'siri shunchalik kuchliki,

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buni hatto fazodan ko'rish mumkin.

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O'zini Econ Guy deb ataydigan bu yigit kim o'zi?

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Mening ismim Patrik Uolsh.
Men Vermont shtati Burlington shahri yaqinidagi

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Saint Michael Kollejida
iqtisodiyot bo'yicha professorman.